Identifying and Assessing Tacit Knowledge: Understanding the Practical Intelligence of Military Leaders

Hedlund, J., Forsythe, G.B., Horvath, J.A., et al. (2003). Identifying and assessing tacit knowledge: Understanding the practical intelligence of military leaders. Leadership Quarterly. 14(2): 117-140.

Tacit knowledge (TK) is knowledge drawn from everyday experience that helps individuals to solve real-world, practical problems. This study applied a method for identifying and assessing TK to the domain of military leadership in order to understand why some leaders are more successful than others. Interviews were conducted with Army officers at three levels of leadership in order to identify the type of practical, experience-based knowledge that is not necessarily part of formal training or doctrine. Subsequently, the Tacit Knowledge for Military Leaders (TKML) inventory, consisting of a series of leadership scenarios, was developed to assess the amount of knowledge leaders possess. Three versions of the TKML were administered to a total of 562 leaders at the platoon, company, and battalion levels. At all three levels, TKML scores correlated with ratings of leadership effectiveness from either peers or superiors, and the scores explained variance in leadership effectiveness beyond a test of general verbal ability and a test of TK for managers. These results indicate that domain-specific TK can explain individual differences in leadership effectiveness and suggest that leadership development initiatives should include efforts to facilitate the acquisition of TK. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.